Sonatype uncovers the PolinRider loader in 12 releases across 10 hijacked packages. See how the npm PolinRider loader uses Ethereum to fetch malware.

Related Posts:

• Trojanized Inno Setup Installers Deliver Proxyware and Compute Hijackers
• LuaJIT XLoader Infostealer Spreads via Fake Orders
• BITTER PapRAT Malware Targets South Asian Organizations

The post PolinRider Loader Hits 10 Hijacked npm Packages Using Ethereum Dead-Drop Resolver appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Layer3 found residential proxy traffic using the White House network, raising concerns about potential exposure of internal systems.

Layer3 Intel says it found residential proxy traffic leaving through the White House network. The researchers spotted it while browsing their new Residential Proxy Observatory, a tool that gives a global view of residential proxy and anonymized internet activity.

“While our team was looking through it, we noticed residential proxy exit activity on AS2650. AS2650 is registered to the Executive Office of the President, the federal agency that hosts the White House network.” reads the report published by Layer3.

A residential proxy service allows customers to use everyday devices to route their internet traffic. This makes their activity look as if it comes from the device’s normal home internet connection. Layer3 detected this activity on AS2650, a network registered to the Executive Office of the President, the agency responsible for the White House network. Layer3 has not accused anyone at the White House of wrongdoing and says its data cannot identify who or what caused the activity.

Between October 5 and November 3, Layer3 detected 236 connections through this network. The traffic came from six IP addresses and was recorded on 26 of those 30 days. A total of 28 residential proxy services were able to use the network. To check their findings, researchers compared the IP addresses with data from other security services, including Spur and Synthient. Both services also identify these addresses as residential proxy exit points.

Getting this data took no special skill. Anyone can sign up to a public residential proxy service, pay a few dollars and send requests through it. Layer3 says it didn’t target the network or try to steer its probes there, and it caught the activity by chance, simply by requesting global rotating access through these services.

The timing suggests something more than a guest network. About half the activity falls between 5 p.m. and midnight Eastern time, and almost none happens in the early morning. Layer3 reads that as a person, not public guest Wi-Fi: someone regularly on the White House network late into the evening whose device carries a proxy SDK, a software kit that turns a device into an exit point.

“Past research has shown that poorly secured proxy SDKs can allow internal network access and lateral movement. This is how past botnets have spread. In A Broken System Fueling Botnets, the researchers at Synthient documented how the Kimwolf botnet reached at least 2 million devices, mostly Android devices with an exposed ADB service, through residential proxy networks.” continues the report. “If an SDK on this network has the same kind of flaw, anyone buying proxy access could use it to reach internal systems.”

That matters because poorly secured proxy SDKs have let attackers into internal networks before. Synthient’s research, A Broken System Fueling Botnets, documented how the Kimwolf botnet reached at least 2 million devices, mostly Android devices with an exposed ADB service, through residential proxy networks. If an SDK on the White House network has the same kind of flaw, anyone buying proxy access could reach internal systems. Layer3 doesn’t claim that’s the case here, and it describes the risk as conditional.

The White House isn’t the only surprise. The observatory also finds residential proxies in some of the most isolated places on the planet. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a South Atlantic territory that includes the most remote inhabited island in the world, shows 413 addresses and more than 32,000 observations, split between Starlink and the local provider, Sure Saint Helena.

Layer3 also detected three instances of proxy activity in Antarctica. All came from a Cloudflare WARP address linked to McMurdo Station. The researchers jokingly noted that penguins are not suspects. On Pitcairn Island, they found one Starlink address and one observation. Norfolk Island had one Norfolk Telecom address with four observations, while Svalbard had one Starlink address in Longyearbyen with three observations.

The researchers also found 388 addresses in the Falkland Islands, 43 in the Chagos Islands, 21 in Tokelau and seven in South Georgia. These findings suggest that residential proxy networks now operate in almost every corner of the world. For security teams, the main concern is that devices connected to protected networks could unknowingly become proxy exit points, potentially exposing those networks to outside traffic.

However, Layer3 says its data only shows where proxy traffic exits. It cannot identify the device being used or the person behind it. As the company explains, “Our data shows the exits, not the device or the person behind them.”

“Residential proxies have infected every corner of the world, and it looks like there is no place they cannot reach. Layer3 Intel tracks residential proxy and anonymization infrastructure worldwide. Even when the proxies hide in networks on the farthest corners of the planet, we can still observe them, leaving threat actors no place to hide.” concludes the report.

Follow me on Twitter: @securityaffairs and Facebook and Mastodon

Pierluigi Paganini

(SecurityAffairs – hacking, proxy traffic)

Vercel is rolling out DBSC to make stolen session cookies harder to exploit. Learn how the protection works, its hardware requirements and security limits.

The post Vercel Introduces DBSC: How It Protects Against Cookie Theft appeared first on TechRepublic.

Microsoft exposes a campaign using trojanized installers. See how Inno Setup trojanized installers silently deploy WorldProxyPool, BOINC, and adware.

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• PolinRider Loader Hits 10 Hijacked npm Packages Using Ethereum Dead-Drop Resolver
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The post Trojanized Inno Setup Installers Deliver Proxyware and Compute Hijackers appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Hackers are using streaming app lures to distribute Mirax. This Android banking trojan lets operators remotely control victims’ phones and initiate fraudulent transfers. Estimated losses reach millions of dollars, although confirmed cases capture only part of the campaign’s impact. The operation remained active when Group-IB published its November 5 investigation. Researchers linked the infections through […]

The post Hackers Use Fake Streaming Apps to Spread Mirax Android Malware and Steal Bank Accounts appeared first on GBHackers Security | #1 Globally Trusted Cyber Security News Platform.

Morphisec exposes a LuaJIT XLoader infostealer campaign. Learn how the XLoader infostealer abuses JScript and shared-section injection.

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• BITTER PapRAT Malware Targets South Asian Organizations
• Apple Mercenary Spyware Threat Prompts Global Alerts
• Hugging Face Malware Campaign Infects AI GPU Servers

The post LuaJIT XLoader Infostealer Spreads via Fake Orders appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Russia-linked group APT29 targeted iOS and Android users through hijacked websites and a compromised analytics service.

Sekoia says a large-scale watering hole campaign is going after iOS and Android users, and it links the campaign to APT29 (aka SVR group, Cozy Bear, Nobelium, BlueBravo, Midnight Blizzard, and The Dukes), the Russian group tied to the SVR foreign intelligence service. A watering hole is a site that attackers poison so visitors infect themselves.

Sekoia found the campaign in mid-October 2026. It involved hacked or cloned high-profile websites in the US, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. There’s also a supply-chain attack on a Ukrainian web analytics service, Plerdy, loaded by thousands of websites, most of them Ukrainian.

The attackers used three different methods to reach victims, but all led to the same malicious payload. They injected JavaScript into hacked websites, created fake websites that copied legitimate ones and secretly added malicious code, and compromised the Plerdy analytics service to infect websites using its script.

Sekoia first spotted the campaign on the website of a Ukrainian gas production company. Other compromised sites included a major US chemical industry association, a European far-right political party and a Bulgarian website linked to the military. In the Bulgarian case, attackers modified an existing JavaScript library without changing the website’s visible pages. Researchers found no clear pattern in the targeted organizations, although they believe some websites may have been selected to reach specific individuals.

Sekoia also identified two fake websites designed to impersonate legitimate services. One copied America250, the US initiative marking the country’s 250th anniversary, while another reproduced the website of Raffles London at The OWO, a luxury hotel close to the UK Ministry of Defence and Downing Street.

“The second website, theowo[.]club, now offline, acted as a reverse proxy for the website of Raffles London at The OWO, a prestigious luxury hotel housed in the historic Old War Office building.” reads the report published by Sekoia. “The hotel’s location is particularly noteworthy because of its proximity to some of the United Kingdom’s most sensitive government institutions, including the Ministry of Defence and 10 Downing Street, the official residence and office of the British Prime Minister.”

The hotel connection is particularly interesting because Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky reportedly stayed there during a visit to London on October 14. Sekoia believes the fake website may have been used to target diplomatic delegations through spear-phishing, but stresses that this remains an unconfirmed possibility.

Between August 27 and September 3, 2026, the attackers compromised the Plerdy tracker at a.plerdy[.]com. For a week, visitors loaded both Plerdy’s script and the attackers’ profiling script. Several affected sites relate to the military and military recruitment, including army, special forces and military equipment websites.

“Between 27 August and 3 September 2026, the intrusion set compromised the Ukrainian Plerdy analytics tracker hosted under the domain a.plerdy[.]com, which is loaded by thousands of websites, the large majority of them Ukrainian.” reads the report. “It remains unclear whether the attackers intended to target visitors to specific websites or sought to compromise as many unpatched mobile devices as possible, indiscriminately exfiltrating data before selectively identifying and exploiting information of interest.”

Sekoia can’t say whether the aim was specific visitors or as many unpatched phones as possible, with the sorting done later. It also considers that the attackers may have used Plerdy after failing to inject code directly into Ukrainian high-value sites that relied on it. The Plerdy payload pointed to a load-balancing domain that sent traffic across several delivery servers.

The profiling script, which the attackers call UltimateFingerprinter, is attached to a minified AngularJS library that makes up 98 percent of a 2.3 MB file. Sekoia thinks that bulk might stop analysis by large language models, or make the script look legitimate. The script runs 61 collectors that build 394 fields, then sends them to a server that decides whether to answer with exploit code.

Strangely, almost none of that data matters. Only implausible screen sizes, like 99999, or a device reporting zero touch points block delivery. Sekoia doesn’t know why the attackers collect so much and sees no sign the data was used later.

Sekoia pulled three exploit chains from the delivery server. Class A hits iOS 16.7 and steals cookies. Class B hits iOS 18.5 and takes full device data. Class C hits Android Chrome versions 139 to 145, minus 143 for reasons Sekoia can’t explain, and steals Chrome cookies and Wi-Fi passwords.

“During the investigation, we tested different browser profiles against the fingerprinting endpoint at static[.]flux-telemetry[.]com in order to retrieve the exploits served to visitors.” states the report. “This allowed us to retrieve three complete exploit chains (afternamed A, B and C), along with their final payloads, targeting both Android and iOS. Here is a summary of what we found:”

Class B is DarkSword, which Sekoia describes as a suspected iOS exploit kit from a commercial surveillance vendor, uploaded to VirusTotal in September 2026. It takes text messages and iMessages, Mail indexes, voicemail, WhatsApp and Telegram databases, Keychain passwords and tokens, account credentials and Wi-Fi keys. It also takes contacts, call history, calendar, notes, Safari history and cookies, location caches, Health data, photos and iCloud Drive.

The Android payload, which Sekoia calls AndroSnitch, collects Chrome cookies, saved logins and history, plus Wi-Fi settings. It stops on one phone model, the Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra. It resembles a 2024 payload that Google TAG documented, called AndroSnatch, but the sample is too small to prove lineage. The iOS cookie chains set a marker cookie meant to block reinfection for a day, but a coding mistake makes it expire in a minute.

All stolen data goes to ad.starx-net[.]com:8881/telemetry/v12. None of the chains persist on the device. All of them rely on known flaws, and none uses a zero-day.

For attribution, Sekoia has several threads. A CERT said a compromised site’s backend files held traces matching a private report on a 2025 APT29 watering hole campaign, and Google TAG said the framework resembles an APT29 campaign against Mongolian government websites in 2024. Victims also skew to Europe and the US with a focus on Ukraine, infrastructure sits across multiple hosters, and a hacked Czech far-right site fits APT29’s record of targeting European political parties. It rates the link moderate to high confidence, and it’s coordinating with the CERTs of affected countries.

The campaign shows how exploit kits move down the market. Sekoia says state-backed groups keep reusing frameworks from commercial surveillance vendors such as DarkSword, and that packaged exploit chains lower the cost and skill needed for advanced mobile attacks. It expects such reuse to become more frequent.

The good news is that Sekoia’s attackers don’t have fresh tricks. Every flaw was fixed by its vendor before the campaign began, and none works against fully updated devices.

“None of them contain zero-days or work against fully updated devices. Each flaw was resolved by the respective vendor before this campaign began. This operation targets unpatched devices using n-days; a user running an up-to-date operating system is safe from these attacks.” concludes the report.

“This watering hole campaign, which we assess with moderate to high confidence to be linked to APT29, combines multiple web delivery vectors with n-day mobile exploit chains targeting Android and iOS devices. Across the directly compromised websites, no single sectoral targeting pattern emerges from our analysis. While the victimology shows a focus on Ukraine and the United States, the inclusion of unrelated entities such as an Australian medical clinic complicates a broad strategic interpretation. However, we assess that these websites may have been selected to profile and infect specific individuals of interest based on targeting intelligence to which we do not have visibility. The operators adapted by deploying Adversary-in-the-Middle-ish to intercept visitors associated with diplomatic or high-profile events.”

Follow me on Twitter: @securityaffairs and Facebook and Mastodon

Pierluigi Paganini

(SecurityAffairs – hacking, APT29)

U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) adds Apple flaw to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog.

The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) added an Apple flaw, tracked as CVE-2024-27834 (CVSS score of 5.5), to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

“This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise.” reads the advisory by CISA.

CVE-2024-27834 is a security vulnerability affecting Apple’s operating systems and Safari. It could allow an attacker who already has arbitrary read and write capabilities on a device to bypass Pointer Authentication (PAC), a hardware-based security mechanism designed to protect memory addresses and prevent certain types of memory-corruption attacks.

Pointer Authentication is a security feature implemented in Apple processors. It adds cryptographic signatures to pointers, helping ensure that memory addresses have not been maliciously modified.

An attacker who gains the ability to read and write arbitrary memory could potentially exploit CVE-2024-27834 to circumvent these protections. This could weaken an important security barrier and make further exploitation of the device easier.

What is the impact?

• Bypassing Pointer Authentication protections.
• Weakening defenses against memory-corruption attacks.
• Potentially facilitating further exploitation when combined with other vulnerabilities.

Apple addressed the vulnerability through improved security checks in:

• Safari 17.5
• iOS 16.7.8 and iOS 17.5
• iPadOS 16.7.8 and iPadOS 17.5
• macOS Sonoma 14.5
• tvOS 17.5
• watchOS 10.5

Cybersecurity firm Sekoia reports on attacks attributed with moderate to high confidence to Russia-linked cyberespionage group APT29. Attackers used compromised websites, fake websites and a supply-chain compromise of Plerdy SEO Tracker to deliver malicious JavaScript. The zero-click exploit chain targeted Safari and Chrome vulnerabilities to bypass security protections and deploy information-stealing malware capable of collecting browser cookies and device data.

“Achieving arbitrary read/write access within the renderer is no longer sufficient for full exploitation on modern Apple silicon. This architecture relies on Pointer Authentication Codes (PAC) to cryptographically sign control-flow pointers. Because of this, even if an attacker can manipulate memory, they cannot simply overwrite a function pointer to hijack the execution flow, triggering an improperly signed pointer will crash the process rather than execute the payload.” Sekoia writes. “To overcome this mitigation and forge the valid pointers required for arbitrary code execution, the exploit chain incorporates a PAC bypass utilizing CVE-2024-27834.”

According to Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities, FCEB agencies have to address the identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect their networks against attacks exploiting the flaws in the catalog.

Experts also recommend that private organizations review the Catalog and address the vulnerabilities in their infrastructure.

CISA orders federal agencies to fix the flaw by November 18, 2026.

Follow me on Twitter: @securityaffairs and Facebook and Mastodon

Pierluigi Paganini

(SecurityAffairs – hacking, CISA)

Bank of America has a message for its customers: please, for the love of God, stop handing your banking passwords to your AI assistant. And if your robot does something daft with your money? That's your problem, not theirs. Meanwhile, a company that promised to rescue ransomware victims without paying the criminals stands accused of... paying the criminals. ProPublica's Renee Dudley was on the case years before the indictment. Plus, Dropzone AI's Edward Wu asks what happens when AI models break out of their test environment and go hacking, and whether AI agents can help overstretched security teams keep up. All this and more in episode 491 of the "Smashing Security" podcast with cybersecurity expert and keynote speaker Graham Cluley, and special guest Renee Dudley.

For more than three years, computers at several American universities were allegedly doing work their owners never asked for. According to a federal indictment, two Canadian men broke into campus networks, stole passwords and quietly used the machines to mine cryptocurrency for themselves. One of them is now in the United States to face charges in the university supercomputer hacking case. The other is still fighting extradition in Canada. U.S. Attorney Michael DiGiacomo announced that a federal grand jury has indicted Ryan James Roach, 35, of Saskatchewan, and Mathiew James Stubbings, 41, of Ontario. Both face charges of conspiracy to obtain information from and cause damage to a protected computer, obtaining information from a protected computer, and intentional damage to a protected computer. The charges carry a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.

Why the University Supercomputer Hacking Targeted Campuses

The indictment points to a clear reason for the choice of targets. Roach and Stubbings allegedly went after educational institutions in the United States that had supercomputers. The scheme relied on processing power. Once inside, the pair allegedly forced victim computers to run cryptocurrency mining software, putting the machines' computing power to work for their own financial gain. Machines built for heavy computation made the scheme more profitable. Victims included educational institutions in New York, Tennessee, North Carolina and Massachusetts. Some of the damaged computers belonged to a higher education institution in the Western District of New York, where the case is being prosecuted.

How the Alleged Scheme Worked

According to the indictment, the scheme ran from June 2016 to December 2019 and followed a set pattern. The pair allegedly researched security weaknesses in victim networks before getting in. They accessed computers without authorization and deployed malware to take control. They then stole login credentials and sent the data to servers they controlled. Once inside a network, they allegedly used sophisticated techniques and tools to carry out reconnaissance and expand their access. The stolen login credentials were stored on their servers, the same servers that sent out malware and mining software to victim machines. The indictment says Roach and Stubbings damaged 10 or more protected computers within a one-year period, causing a loss of at least $5,000.

How They Allegedly Stayed Hidden

The case also shows the effort the pair allegedly put into avoiding detection. They used virtual private servers in multiple countries, registered under false names. Those servers delivered malware and mining software to victim computers and held the stolen credentials. To conceal their identities further, they allegedly used a server and compromised computers belonging to one victim to gain access to another. That meant intrusions could appear to come from a victim's own systems instead of from the people behind them.

Where the University Supercomputer Hacking Case Stands

Roach was extradited from Canada to the United States on October 28. He was arraigned before U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark W. Pedersen and held pending a detention hearing on November 3. Extradition proceedings for Stubbings are continuing in Canada. The investigation was carried out by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, under the direction of Special Agent-in-Charge Allen D. Davis II, and the Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section. The Justice Department's Office of International Affairs helped secure Roach's arrest and extradition. Assistant U.S. Attorney Meghan K. McGuire is prosecuting the case.

What Is Still Unclear

The indictment leaves several details open. It does not say how much cryptocurrency the pair allegedly mined, how many institutions were affected in total, or which universities were targeted beyond their states. The loss figure stated in the charges, at least $5,000, is the legal threshold tied to the damage count, not a full estimate of the harm. An indictment is an accusation, not proof. Both men are presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty.

A China-aligned espionage group abused the update traffic of Sogou Input Method, one of China’s most widely used keyboard apps, to quietly install the DarkVigil implant on victims’ machines. ESET Research, which tracks the actor as SlippyNunchucks, published its findings on November 4, 2026. Tencent, which owns Sogou, has patched the flaw in version 16.10. […]

The post China-Aligned Hackers Hijack Popular Sogou Keyboard Software to Secretly Install DarkVigil Malware appeared first on GBHackers Security | #1 Globally Trusted Cyber Security News Platform.

Fake ChatGPT and Claude apps spread Yoba malware through GitHub, using signed executables to load a cryptominer on…

Fortinet exposes the PapRAT malware campaign. See how the BITTER PapRAT malware uses three infection chains and Rust to spy on South Asian targets.

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The post BITTER PapRAT Malware Targets South Asian Organizations appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Apple issued warnings across 99 nations as the Apple mercenary spyware threat targets investigative journalists with sophisticated surveillance tools.

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• BITTER PapRAT Malware Targets South Asian Organizations
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The post Apple Mercenary Spyware Threat Prompts Global Alerts appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Google's Threat Intelligence Group says it has shut down a massive botnet called x.cpe. At its height, x.cpe ran on more than 1.3 million Android TV devices, and unusually, these were Google-certified boxes. Google says its screening process missed the malware due to "obfuscation techniques" employed by Shenzhen-based Videostrong Technology.

In a detailed blog post, the Threat Intelligence Group explains how the x.cpe botnet evolved quickly from a single-stage dropper into a modular three-stage malware platform that sold access to third parties. Manufacturers must have their devices certified if they want access to Google apps and branding, a process that is supposed to catch threats like this. However, Videostrong's compromised boxes, mostly sold under the MECOOL brand, evaded detection by using a backdoor to remotely install the malware after the devices were set up and online.

After devices appeared online, a stub application called x.cpe or com.oemservice would phone home. This package did not have any malicious capabilities of its own, but it had the system-level permissions necessary to install malware modules at the operator's behest. It also disabled Play Protect, which would have otherwise flagged the silently installed packages as malicious.

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A new XLoader infection chain. It hides the credential stealer inside an embedded LuaJIT interpreter. It moves it into another Windows process through shared-section injection. The campaign uses business-themed email lures. It also delivered Agent Tesla, Remcos and XWorm . The chain starts with order and payment emails. One Greek-language message has a subject starting […]

The post Hackers Abuse LuaJIT and Windows Process Injection to Hide XLoader Credential-Stealing Malware appeared first on GBHackers Security | #1 Globally Trusted Cyber Security News Platform.

Reinach, Switzerland, 4th November 2026, CyberNewswire

Pluto Research exposes Hugging Face malware. This Hugging Face malware campaign drops cryptominers and backdoors on self-hosted AI servers.

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• PSK Agent RAT Hits Magento Stores Through StyleSmuggler Exploitation
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• NIK C2 Framework Integrates OpenAI API to Analyze Stolen Data in Live Attacks

The post Hugging Face Malware Campaign Infects AI GPU Servers appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

StyleSmuggler exploitation of CVE-2026-75650 drops the PSK Agent RAT and a PHP webshell on Magento stores. See how to detect and respond.

Related Posts:

• Hugging Face Malware Campaign Infects AI GPU Servers
• Google Disrupts Videostrong XCPE Botnet on Android TV
• NIK C2 Framework Integrates OpenAI API to Analyze Stolen Data in Live Attacks

The post PSK Agent RAT Hits Magento Stores Through StyleSmuggler Exploitation appeared first on Daily CyberSecurity.

Google dismantled a 1.3 million-device botnet allegedly built by Android TV box maker Videostrong to enable ad fraud and proxy abuse.

Google and its partners dismantled a backdoor called XCPE that had enrolled more than 1.3 million set-top boxes in a botnet. The result of the investigation into the malware operation is the striking part: Videostrong Technology Co., an Android device maker, built and ran the botnet for money.

Google says it is highly confident that Videostrong deliberately created, spread and operated the backdoor. The company reportedly sold access to criminal groups and installed their malware on infected devices. The malware was used for ad fraud, secretly added devices to residential proxy networks and installed other malicious software.

Google says this was not the work of a rogue employee or a simple coding mistake. The backdoor was found in many device models and brands over several years. Its operation involved dedicated infrastructure and regularly changing configurations.

“We assess with high confidence that the backdoor and botnet were intentionally developed, deployed, and operated for financial gain by Videostrong Technology Co., an Android Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and Original Design Manufacturer (ODM).” Google states. “Videostrong monetized the backdoor by selling access to criminal affiliates and loading those affiliates’ malware modules onto infected devices. “

Google has now cut all ties with Videostrong. The company is banned from making devices with pre-installed Google apps. The ban also covers any future subsidiaries or business partners, and Videostrong can no longer supply software to other certified device makers.

Videostrong got around Google’s compatibility and security tests with code obfuscation. The malicious code loaded after a device’s first boot, which the tests didn’t catch. Google has changed its review process and is improving how it checks firmware on certified Android TV devices.

Google also took legal action against the domains and servers Videostrong used to control the botnet, and against the control domains of over a dozen malware families loaded through the backdoor. Those affiliates spread their modules through other channels too, so Google expects the takedown to cut access to at least 10 million more compromised devices. Japan’s National Police Agency, Lumen, HUMAN Security, Plume, Synthient and TrendAI worked on the operation.

The malware has three stages. The primary backdoor, x.cpe (called com.oemservice in some builds), is preloaded in the firmware and runs with system privileges. If a user uninstalls it, it reinstalls itself from the /oem/ partition at the next reboot. It handles communication with the control server and passes work to a loader called com.abc.nexus, which carries its own anti-analysis tricks and sets up the money-making modules.

These modules are supplied by other criminals working as affiliates. They can arrive as programs built into the backdoor, software packages added to its loader, or extra apps downloaded later. Many turn the device into a residential proxy, allowing other people to use the victim’s home internet connection to hide their online activity. Others commit ad fraud or install additional backdoors. In other words, a set-top box becomes a proxy server without its owner’s knowledge.

The backdoor uses two steps to control infected devices. First, the box sends an HTTP request to download settings, location data and network information. It then maintains a live connection through MQTT, a lightweight messaging protocol, to receive commands from the operators. Google found that all analyzed samples used the same MQTT server to communicate with infected devices.

“Additional monetization modules as well as various shell scripts and legitimate applications are hosted remotely and downloaded by infected devices upon command from the operator via the MQTT broker.” continues the report. “A significant majority of these files are hosted as Github releases on operator-owned Github pages. Other files are hosted on operator-controlled servers and file hosting sites.”

Through this connection, attackers could secretly install apps, run commands and scripts, take screenshots, record keystrokes and map the victim’s network. They could also disable Google Play Protect’s app verification to install software without the user’s knowledge. Google observed operators taking screenshots, recording keystrokes, collecting account and device information, stealing app lists and system logs, and opening remote command-line sessions. However, most of their activity involved installing, removing and managing malware modules.

The malicious files came from several sources. The attackers mainly used GitHub releases hosted on their own accounts, the Filemail file-sharing service and two servers under their control. Network traffic analysis also suggests that the operators managed the command infrastructure through remote interfaces and an EMQX web console, connecting from IP addresses outside the infected device network.

Most infected devices are Android TV set-top boxes, but Google also found telehealth devices, karaoke machines and digital signage. One device can run several modules at once, up to three residential proxy kits. That shows Videostrong wants to squeeze every infected device as hard as it can. The proxy and bandwidth-sharing kits named in the report include Linkfog, AppSalt, GaGaNode, BWM, Traffmonetizer, EarnFM and NetNut.

Some of those kits enroll devices without asking. AppSalt’s SDK, owned by Honeygain, calls an opt-in function without showing any consent screen, and it stops running if the app came from the official Google Play Store. Ad-fraud modules such as Fission and HiddenView fire off fake ad impressions in the background, and HiddenView also uses hidden browser windows to simulate clicks and scrolling.

The configuration shows a well-run operation. MQTT messages carry resource limits for each module, download links per processor type, and priority weights. Devices are assigned to one of six timezone-based pools on ott.szbboys[.]com. Devices report their bandwidth use and alarms back, so the modules stay within set limits.

Google says the underlying market is resilient. Backdoor operators, ad-fraud rings and residential proxy providers work as an interconnected supply chain, and when one part gets disrupted they quickly switch to new loaders or rival kits. Lasting change, it says, needs accountability across hardware makers, the residential proxy industry and the broader technology sector.

Google wants retailers and distributors to require independent security audits from device manufacturers and to delist any implicated in supply-chain abuse. It says proxy providers’ claims of ethical sourcing need transparent, auditable proof of user consent, and that in its analysis these providers asked for consent only when platform policy forced them to. Silent opt-in remains the most common way devices become exit nodes.

For consumers, Google advises caution with apps that pay you for “unused bandwidth” or “sharing your internet”, which are a main way illicit proxy networks grow. Stick to app stores you trust, review permissions for third-party VPNs and proxies, and keep Google Play Protect on. Buy connected devices like set-top boxes only from reputable manufacturers, and check the partner list on Google’s Android TV website. Google also urges mobile platforms, ISPs, online marketplaces and other tech platforms to keep sharing intelligence.

“A device manufacturer intentionally infecting their users with malware is an unacceptable breach of trust. By turning everyday hardware into persistent beachheads for criminal affiliates, Videostrong prioritized illicit post-sale recurring revenue over the safety and privacy of its users.” concludes the report. “Downstream hardware brands, white-label resellers, telecommunications providers, and online e-commerce marketplaces also share responsibility for closing this vector.”

Follow me on Twitter: @securityaffairs and Facebook and Mastodon

Pierluigi Paganini

(SecurityAffairs – hacking, newsletter)