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10 Best ZTNA Solutions (Zero Trust Network Access) In 2026

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) anchors 2026 cybersecurity amid remote, cloud, and hybrid booms. ZTNA solutions aren’t hype—they’re vital for data locks, compliance wins, and borderless teams.

“Never trust, always verify”: ZTNA okays only vetted users/devices, location-blind. Shrink attack planes, block lateral creeps, master app gates.

Market clutter and threat flux complicate picks. We rank 2026’s top 10: specs, perks, real impacts dissected.Prioritizing usability, relevance for CISOs, IT pros, scaling firms.

CISO, manager, or tech enthusiast find your Zero Trust match. Per-tool: intros, tables, specs, buy drivers, features—your 2026 blueprint.

Comparison Table: Top 10 ZTNA Solutions (2026)

Tool Name (with Homepage)Free VersionCloud SupportMFADevice Posture CheckSSO
OpenVPN Cloud ConnexaYesYesYesYesYes
Zscaler Private AccessNoYesYesYesYes
Palo Alto Prisma AccessNoYesYesYesYes
Cloudflare Zero TrustYesYesYesYesYes
Google BeyondCorp EnterpriseNoYesYesYesYes
NordLayer ZTNAYesYesYesYesYes
Ivanti Neurons ZTNANoYesYesYesYes
Appgate SDPNoYesYesYesYes
TwingateNoYesYesYesYes
Fortinet FortiClient ZTNAYesYesYesYesYes

1. OpenVPN Cloud Connexa

Best for: Small and mid-sized businesses that want Zero Trust Network Access without an enterprise budget or a bundled security suite.

OpenVPN’s CloudConnexa is a cloud-delivered ZTNA for SMB platform built on the open-source OpenVPN protocol. Rather than shipping ZTNA as one module inside a sprawling security stack, CloudConnexa combines identity-based, least-privilege application access with a globally distributed Wide-area Private Cloud (WPC) that links remote users, on-premises sites, and AWS, Azure, and GCP networks in a single service.

Users and private resources connect through encrypted outbound tunnels to CloudConnexa Regions, while Access Groups decide exactly which applications, hosts, and networks each user can reach. Because Connectors only establish outbound tunnels, private applications never require open inbound firewall ports or direct exposure to the public internet.

OpenVPN’s network security platforms provide secure remote access through both self-hosted and cloud-delivered VPN solutions for business, with the core tenets of Zero Trust Network Access at their center. Alongside the self-hosted Access Server, CloudConnexa helps teams securely reach company resources, SaaS platforms, the web, and data across cloud environments.

Why Do We Recommend It?

  • ZTNA without the suite lock-in. You can add Zero Trust access on its own, without committing to a full security platform, complex contracts, or opaque enterprise pricing.
  • Access control plus private networking in one service. Granular Zero Trust application access and a globally distributed WPC come together, so remote users, cloud VPCs/VNets, on-premises networks, and branch sites connect through the same fabric.
  • Outbound-only Connector architecture. Connectors open encrypted outbound tunnels, keeping private applications off the public internet with no inbound port forwarding.
  • Layered contextual access decisions. SAML SSO/MFA is combined with Device Posture, Location Context, and Device Identity Verification & Enforcement (DIVE) for context-aware policy enforcement.
  • Integrated threat protection. Cyber Shield adds DNS-based domain/content filtering and IDS/IPS traffic inspection within the same service rather than limiting the platform to access control alone.
  • Application domain-based routing and segmentation. Traffic can be routed by application domain, environments with overlapping IP ranges are supported, and networks are automatically segmented to limit lateral movement.

Key Features

  1. Identity-based, least-privilege access – Access Groups restrict users to only the applications, IP services, hosts, and networks they are authorized to use, with a default-deny model under Custom WPC topology.
  2. Device Posture Checking – Evaluates operating system and OS version, antivirus status, disk encryption, client certificate validity, and more, and can block noncompliant devices.
  3. SAML SSO and MFA – Integrates with SAML 2.0 identity providers such as Microsoft Entra ID, Okta, OneLogin, Google Workspace, and Keycloak; built-in TOTP 2FA is available for username/password and LDAP authentication.
  4. Device Identity (DIVE) – Adds device-level identity verification and enforcement to every access decision.
  5. Location Context – Applies geographic and location-based conditions to access policies.
  6. Cyber Shield – DNS-based domain/content filtering plus IDS/IPS detection and blocking of malware, intrusion activity, and denial-of-service traffic, with policies based on threat category or severity.
  7. SCIM 2.0 provisioning – Automated user and group provisioning with documented examples for Okta, Microsoft Entra ID, JumpCloud, and OneLogin, alongside private LDAP support for directory-based authentication and group mapping.

Deployment and Platform Support

  • Delivery model: Cloud-delivered ZTNA service built around a globally distributed WPC with CloudConnexa Regions.
  • Deployment options: Cloud, on-premises, and hybrid. Connectors (or IPsec where applicable) link AWS VPCs, Azure VNets, GCP VPCs, and on-premises networks into the WPC.
  • Supported devices: Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android via OpenVPN Connect; Linux via the supported open-source OpenVPN client.
  • Integrations: SAML SSO, SCIM 2.0, private LDAP, APIs and session data for external monitoring and security workflows, and device-posture checks for several EDR/antivirus products.

Primary Use Cases

  • Secure remote and hybrid-work access for employees and contractors without exposing the underlying network.
  • Secure access to cloud applications and workloads across AWS, Azure, GCP, and other environments.
  • Hybrid and multi-cloud connectivity between on-premises sites, private networks, cloud networks, and remote users.
  • Application-level access and network segmentation to reduce lateral movement.
  • Context-aware access for managed endpoints using Device Posture, DIVE, and Location Context.
  • Threat-protected private access with Cyber Shield DNS filtering and IDS/IPS.

Who Is It Best Suited For?

CloudConnexa is designed for small and medium-sized businesses that want scalable Zero Trust security without significant infrastructure or management overhead, but it also supports larger organizations with distributed, hybrid, or multi-cloud environments.

It is particularly relevant for technology, professional services, healthcare, financial services, retail, and other regulated or distributed organizations that need secure remote access, segmentation, and auditability. Its audit logs support compliance requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS.

Comparison Table

CapabilityCloudConnexa
Free version or trialYes – 14-day free trial, plus an always-free Starter plan (up to 5 seats, with some limitations)
Cloud deploymentYes – Connect AWS VPCs, Azure VNets, and GCP VPCs via Connectors or IPsec
Multi-factor authenticationYes – Built-in TOTP 2FA, or MFA via SAML IdPs (Microsoft Entra ID, Okta, OneLogin)
Device-posture checkingYes – OS/version, antivirus, disk encryption, client certificate validation, and more
Single sign-onYes – SAML 2.0

Pricing

CloudConnexa uses seat-based pricing, where each activated user or Connector consumes a seat.

PlanPrice
StarterFree (up to 5 seats)
Essential$7 per seat/month
Premium$9.50 per seat/month
Enterprise & IoTCustom pricing based on requirements and volume

Full details: CloudConnexa pricing

Pros and Cons

What Is Good?

  • Standalone ZTNA with transparent, seat-based pricing and no suite lock-in.
  • Combines Zero Trust access, private networking, and threat protection in one service.
  • Outbound-only Connectors eliminate open inbound firewall ports.
  • Broad identity support: SAML SSO, SCIM 2.0, LDAP, and built-in TOTP 2FA.
  • Free Starter plan and 14-day trial make evaluation low-risk.

What Could Be Better?

  • End-user access relies on the OpenVPN Connect client (open-source OpenVPN client on Linux); there is no agentless, browser-only option.
  • Device Posture checks vary by operating system and client, so organizations should confirm their required endpoint controls are supported.
  • Built-in TOTP 2FA applies to native and LDAP authentication only; with SAML SSO, MFA is handled by the identity provider.
  • ZTNA is delivered as part of a broader WPC/private-networking model, which may not suit buyers looking solely for an application-proxy-style ZTNA product.
  • Some advanced capabilities depend on subscription tier, so buyers should verify current plan entitlements.

Verdict

For SMBs that want to adopt Zero Trust principles without buying an entire security suite, OpenVPN CloudConnexa offers one of the most accessible paths available. It pairs granular, identity-driven access control with hybrid and multi-cloud connectivity, layers on device and location context, and includes Cyber Shield threat protection, all under straightforward seat-based pricing that starts free.

Website: OpenVPN Cloud Connexa

2. Zscaler Private Access

Zscaler Private Access (ZPA) is a cloud-native ZTNA platform that connects users directly to applications without exposing the network.

It continuously verifies user and device context, enforcing dynamic policies based on identity, device posture, and location.

ZPA eliminates the need for traditional VPNs, reducing the risk of lateral movement and simplifying secure access.

Zscaler’s architecture supports high scalability, making it ideal for organizations with a distributed workforce.

The platform offers seamless integration with identity providers, endpoint security, and threat intelligence solutions.

Specifications

  • ZTNA Type: Cloud-native
  • Deployment: SaaS
  • Supported Devices: Windows, macOS, Linux, Mobile
  • Policy Controls: Identity-based, Dynamic
  • Threat Prevention: Inline SSL inspection, Real-time

Reason to Buy

  • Direct-to-app access without network exposure
  • Continuous verification of user and device context
  • Seamless integration with IAM and endpoint solutions
  • High scalability for global organizations

Features

  • Application segmentation and least-privilege enforcement
  • Inline SSL inspection and advanced threat prevention
  • Continuous monitoring and policy adjustment
  • Supports hybrid and multi-cloud environments

✅ Best For: Large organizations needing cloud-native, scalable Zero Trust access.

3. Palo Alto Prisma Access

Palo Alto Prisma Access delivers a comprehensive ZTNA solution as part of its SASE platform.

It secures remote and on-site users with consistent policies, advanced threat prevention, and real-time visibility into network traffic.

Prisma Access supports hybrid workforces and integrates with cloud, SaaS, and on-premises applications.

The platform offers autonomous digital experience management (ADEM), giving IT teams insights and remediation capabilities for end-user connectivity and security issues.

Its ZTNA 2.0 approach addresses modern attack surfaces and operational complexity.

Specifications

  • ZTNA Version: 2.0
  • Deployment: Cloud, Hybrid
  • Employee Size: Scalable for enterprises
  • Integration: SIEM, IAM, EDR
  • Policy Management: Centralized, Autonomous

Reason to Buy

  • Advanced threat prevention and policy enforcement
  • Autonomous experience management for end-users
  • Consistent security across cloud, SaaS, and on-premises
  • Scalable for large, distributed organizations

Features

  • ZTNA 2.0 for hybrid work and direct-to-app architectures
  • Real-time traffic visibility and autonomous remediation
  • Application and data protection with microsegmentation
  • Integration with advanced analytics and threat intelligence

✅ Best For: Enterprises seeking advanced, autonomous Zero Trust with SASE integration.

4. Cloudflare Zero Trust

Cloudflare Zero Trust provides secure, fast, and reliable access to internal applications without a VPN.

Its platform is designed for ease of deployment and management, supporting identity-based policies, device posture checks, and robust threat intelligence.

Cloudflare’s global network ensures low latency and high availability.

The solution integrates with major identity providers, supports multi-factor authentication, and offers a free tier for small teams.

Cloudflare’s unified dashboard simplifies policy management and monitoring.

Specifications

  • Free Version: Yes
  • Deployment: Cloud
  • Supported Devices: Windows, macOS, Linux, Mobile
  • Integration: SSO, IAM, EDR
  • Pricing: Starts at $7/user/month

Reason to Buy

  • Rapid deployment and easy management
  • Global network for low-latency access
  • Free tier for small teams and startups
  • Strong integration with identity and endpoint security

Features

  • Identity-based access controls and device posture checks
  • Real-time threat intelligence and monitoring
  • Multi-factor authentication and SSO support
  • Unified dashboard for policy and user management

✅ Best For: Organizations needing fast, easy-to-manage Zero Trust with global reach.

5. Google BeyondCorp Enterprise

Google BeyondCorp Enterprise brings Zero Trust to the cloud, enabling secure access to applications from any device, anywhere.

The platform leverages Google’s robust infrastructure, offering identity-aware proxies, device security checks, and continuous monitoring.

BeyondCorp supports granular access policies and integrates with Google Workspace and third-party identity providers.

The solution is suitable for organizations embracing cloud-first strategies and seeking seamless integration with Google services.

Specifications

  • Free Version: Yes
  • Deployment: Cloud-native
  • Supported Devices: Any (browser-based)
  • Integration: Google Workspace, SSO, IAM
  • Policy Controls: Granular, Identity-based

Reason to Buy

  • Seamless integration with Google cloud services
  • Browser-based access for any device
  • Continuous monitoring and device security checks
  • Granular, identity-aware access policies

Features

  • Identity-aware proxy for secure application access
  • Real-time device posture and risk assessment
  • Integration with Google Workspace and third-party IAM
  • Scalable for organizations of any size

Best For: Organizations leveraging Google Cloud and Workspace for Zero Trust.

6. NordLayer ZTNA

NordLayer ZTNA is designed for businesses looking for easy-to-use, scalable Zero Trust solutions.

The platform offers centralized management, multi-factor authentication, and device posture checks, with support for cloud and on-premises environments.

NordLayer’s intuitive interface and affordable pricing make it accessible for SMBs and enterprises alike.

NordLayer integrates with major identity providers and supports secure remote access for distributed teams.

Specifications

  • Pricing: Starts at $11/user/month
  • Deployment: Cloud, On-premises
  • Supported Devices: Windows, macOS, Linux, Mobile
  • Integration: SSO, MFA, IAM
  • Management: Centralized

Reason to Buy

  • Affordable and scalable for all business sizes
  • Easy deployment and intuitive management
  • Strong authentication and device security
  • Supports remote and hybrid workforces

Features

  • Centralized dashboard for user and policy management
  • Multi-factor authentication and device posture checks
  • Integration with identity providers and cloud platforms
  • Real-time monitoring and reporting

Best For: SMBs and enterprises needing affordable, easy-to-manage Zero Trust.

7. Ivanti Neurons ZTNA

Ivanti Neurons ZTNA focuses on secure remote access and user experience, supporting a wide range of devices and operating systems.

The platform emphasizes compliance and detailed reporting, making it suitable for regulated industries and organizations with diverse device fleets.

Ivanti’s solution integrates with existing security infrastructure, providing centralized management, policy enforcement, and real-time monitoring.

Specifications

  • Deployment: Cloud, On-premises
  • Supported Devices: Windows, macOS, iOS, Android
  • Compliance: Detailed reporting and auditing
  • Integration: IAM, EDR, SIEM
  • Policy Management: Centralized

Reason to Buy

  • Comprehensive remote access for all device types
  • Strong compliance and reporting capabilities
  • Integration with existing security tools
  • Centralized management and policy enforcement

Features

  • Secure access for hybrid and remote workforces
  • Detailed compliance and audit reporting
  • Real-time monitoring and threat detection
  • Flexible deployment and integration options

Best For: Organizations with diverse devices and strict compliance needs.

8. Appgate SDP

Appgate SDP delivers identity-centric ZTNA using a software-defined perimeter model.

It evaluates user and device context before establishing encrypted, one-to-one network connections.

The platform supports dynamic entitlements, real-time decisioning, and integration with SIEM, IAM, and EDR tools.

Appgate is designed for hybrid and multi-cloud deployments, offering granular policy controls and comprehensive visibility into network activity.

Specifications

  • ZTNA Model: Software-defined perimeter
  • Deployment: Cloud, On-premises, Hybrid
  • Integration: SIEM, IAM, EDR
  • Policy Controls: Identity and context-based
  • Encryption: End-to-end

Reason to Buy

  • Identity-centric access with dynamic policies
  • Support for hybrid and multi-cloud environments
  • Real-time monitoring and decision making
  • Comprehensive integration with security tools

Features

  • Encrypted, one-to-one network connections
  • Dynamic entitlements and policy enforcement
  • Real-time visibility into user and device activity
  • Scalable for complex enterprise environments

Best For: Enterprises requiring granular, identity-driven Zero Trust in hybrid environments.

9. Twingate

Twingate offers a modern, cloud-native ZTNA solution that replaces traditional VPNs with identity-based, per-application access controls.

It is designed for rapid deployment, requiring no changes to network infrastructure. Twingate integrates with SSO, MFA, and endpoint security, providing granular access policies and robust encryption.

The platform is suitable for both hybrid and cloud environments, with a user-friendly interface and support for Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile devices.

Specifications

  • Free Version: Yes
  • Deployment: Cloud-native
  • Supported Devices: Windows, macOS, Linux, Mobile
  • Integration: SSO, MFA, EDR
  • Pricing: Starts at $5/user/month

Reason to Buy

  • Easy, rapid deployment with minimal configuration
  • Granular, identity-based access controls
  • Strong encryption and device authentication
  • Flexible for hybrid and multi-cloud environments

Features

  • Per-application access and least-privilege enforcement
  • Seamless integration with identity and endpoint solutions
  • Traffic encryption and compliance-ready auditing
  • Cross-platform support for diverse teams

Best For: Teams seeking a fast, flexible, and user-friendly ZTNA alternative to VPNs.

10. Fortinet FortiClient ZTNA

Fortinet FortiClient ZTNA integrates endpoint security with Zero Trust access, providing protection for devices and network resources.

Its zero trust agent supports multi-factor authentication, device posture checks, and split-tunneling for optimized user experience.

Centralized management via EMS or FortiClient Cloud enables streamlined deployment and real-time endpoint status.

FortiClient is ideal for organizations already invested in the Fortinet Security Fabric, offering seamless integration with FortiGate firewalls and FortiSandbox.

Specifications

  • ZTNA Agent: Yes
  • Deployment: Cloud, On-premises
  • Integration: Fortinet Security Fabric
  • Central Management: EMS, FortiClient Cloud
  • Web Filtering: Yes

Reason to Buy

  • Deep integration with Fortinet ecosystem
  • Centralized management and reporting
  • Advanced endpoint and network protection
  • Supports split-tunneling and web filtering

Features

  • Multi-factor authentication and device posture checks
  • Real-time endpoint monitoring and upgrades
  • Centralized logging for compliance and security analysis
  • Flexible deployment options for diverse environments

✅ Best For: Organizations using Fortinet products seeking integrated Zero Trust.

Conclusion

ZTNA has surged essential amid remote shifts, cloud leaps, and threat twists.

Reviewed platforms from Check Point’s all-in-one guard to Google’s BeyondCorp cloud magic scale Zero Trust to fit any operation.

Vet choices by size, regs, stack synergy, and expansion horizon. Prime picks lock data/apps while unleashing anywhere-productivity.

ZTNA transcends upgrades: it’s resilience, compliance, and transformation fuel. Navigate to 2026’s best with this roadmap forge a tougher, sharper, nimbler enterprise.

The post 10 Best ZTNA Solutions (Zero Trust Network Access) In 2026 appeared first on Cyber Security News.

Shadow agents make the old shadow IT problem worse

Companies are running into a new version of an old problem. Take, for example, a marketing executive turns on an agent from Marketo but doesn’t tell their IT team. That shadow agent now has access to customer data with little oversight and no clear adherence to the company’s security or compliance policies.

That’s a real scenario that’s happening now. It’s also the same pattern that made shadow IT a headache for over two decades. Employees often adopted unapproved tools that helped them do their job faster and better because the company option just wasn’t as good.

With agentic AI, it’s different because of what an unauthorized agent can do. Shadow IT tools mostly accessed or handled data without proper authorization.  Agents, on the other hand, can take it much further by acting on that data by pulling records, sending messages and making changes with little oversight. Forcing agent data interactions via model context protocol can help, but the fact is there’s an autonomous agent that IT has little to no visibility into.

Now multiply that one marketer by every department, plus every agent that your vendors in HR, finance and elsewhere run in your systems. It’s a situation that most companies have no way to see, let alone control. This can become hundreds of vendors each running multiple agents, moving between your company, their company and your supply chain. That’s many thousands of agents with no consistent way to track what they are doing.

I often ask security teams: Do you have a robust inventory of the agents operating on your network? For most companies, the answer is no. And even if a company scanned its network, it’s not clear that agents are what they claim to be. So, there can be an unknown number of agents from unverified provenance performing a multitude of tasks and data exchanges on your network. This unfortunately is the current state of affairs at most companies.

Old problem, higher stakes

Shadow IT used to be technology that was used for work without explicit IT approval. Ten years ago, that meant a personal Dropbox folder or an unsanctioned project board. Today, it can mean an agent with a login and a task list, who is working inside your systems. That’s what shadow agents are.

When an agent gets access, it can quickly pull a record, draft a reply, update a field, move a file — the list goes on. This can happen before anyone even notices anything happening.

Security teams often say you can’t protect what you can’t see. That was true when the invisible thing was a spreadsheet. But it reaches another level when that agent has a login and knows what to do with it.

The precedent: DMARC solved this for email

How do you know an email that looks like it’s from Uber is actually from Uber? I ran into this problem, years before AI was an issue.

Say you get an email after an Uber ride saying, “Thanks for riding, click here for your receipt.” It says it’s from Uber. It’s actually sent by a vendor like SparkPost, on Uber’s behalf. Uber authorized it. The vendor is doing what Uber asked it to do. But nothing in the email told your inbox that there was permission, so your inbox just trusted the “from” line. Worse, it could’ve easily been a phishing attack from a criminal purporting to be Uber.

To address this, the email sender should have been authenticated against a trusted source before the email lands in your inbox.

That’s DMARC. A decade and over 1 million domains later, it’s proof the model works at scale. Verify the sender against a record that the domain owner controls and the guessing goes away.

The same fix, one layer up, for agents

DNS is already the internet’s phone book and a secure, trusted and public-facing database representing the domain. An agent claiming to represent Salesforce or any vendor can be checked against Salesforce’s DNS-secured record before it’s ever granted access.

That one check answers a critical question: Is this agent who it says it is, and did the company it claims to represent actually authorize it?

Once an agent is verified via the domain owner’s DNS record, there’s a domain cryptographically attached to the agent, and accountability that didn’t exist before.

Right now, most organizations don’t have that. An agent shows up and asks for access. But if something goes wrong, no one is really responsible, because nobody checked in the first place. They “trust” that the agent is what it claims to be. This gets even more complex if the agent is from a known hyperscaler/AI company but acting on behalf of an untrusted/unknown user (e.g., a ChatGPT agent but getting instructions from a criminal)

Zero trust as a bouncer, not a detective

Most of security has worked the same way for years: Try to identify everyone who shows up, then decide if they’re trustworthy. That’s backwards, and email proved it over a decade ago. A layered approach with zero trust upfront and further interrogation of what’s left over combines the efficiency and low cost of zero trust with deep inspection as a second pass, providing a highly effective level of security. 

  • Layer 1: Zero trust is like a bouncer at a nightclub. She doesn’t try to figure out which of the world’s 8.3 billion people you are. She checks a finite short list of a couple dozen guests. If you’re not on it, you don’t get in.
  • Layer 2+: Now that we’ve reduced the number of people by (usually) orders of magnitude, we can, if needed, run the remaining people through deeper inspection, say a metal detector, access credentials and so on.

With agents, the logic is the same: Don’t evaluate whether an agent is trustworthy after it’s already inside your systems. Check whether it’s on the list before it gets anywhere near the door.

This means a legitimate agent might get turned away because someone forgot to add it to the list. But that inconvenience is much better than the alternative of letting everything in and just hoping things go well.

Identity is not permission

There are two separate questions inside every access decision. Most conversations about AI governance conflate them. First, who is this? Second, what are they be allowed to do?

This is like a passport and a visa. The passport says who you are. The visa says what you’re permitted to do and where you’re permitted to go. They’re issued by different authorities for different reasons. Confusing the two is where a lot of security approaches go wrong.

Upfront agent authentication, also known as a passport, can tell you whether that agent claiming to be from Salesforce is really Salesforce’s. Next, you need to figure out if Salesforce is authorized to work in your system and what it’s allowed to do. Your approved list of vendors and the approved actions should be made on purpose rather than defaulting to whatever the agent claims about itself.

The identity layer has to get solved first and solved the same way for everyone. But the permission layer is where every company’s answer is different, based on what that specific agent actually needs to access. Complicating matters, agents can change their workload mid-process. So, the permissions need to be continuous and focus on ongoing workloads as they evolve. This is a growing, urgent problem.

Why this matters now

AI-generated phishing is now three times more effective than traditional campaigns, according to Microsoft.

A year ago, AI-written phishing attempts were easy to spot due to bad grammar or strange tone. That has changed on an exponential curve, a progression humans’ brains have a hard time grasping. The same category of tool getting better at impersonation is now showing up as unauthorized agents inside company systems. And improving exponentially. Better deception plus more access adds up to a problem that grows faster than we can even imagine.

Shadow IT taught the industry a lesson. Now, shadow agents are teaching it again. You can’t secure what you don’t know is running inside your systems. For the marketer turning on the Marketo agent, what would have caught it isn’t a smarter firewall or a longer policy document; it’s a check, run before access is granted, confirming that the agent is who it claims to be and that someone actually authorized it. It’s followed up with continuous permissioning and logging to make sure the agent does what it’s supposed to.

That’s the shift: Verify an agent’s identity before it gets anywhere near the door. Email already proved this model at scale across roughly 1 million domains. Shadow agents are the same problem showing up again in a new form. It doesn’t need a new fix. It needs the one that already works.

AI-Driven Identity Attacks Are Surging, PwC Warns

AI has given cybercriminals a big advantage in attacking organizations, which they are using to go after weaknesses on edge devices

The post AI-Driven Identity Attacks Are Surging, PwC Warns appeared first on TechRepublic.

Defend against frontier cyber models: Cloudflare's architecture as customer zero

A few weeks ago, we wrote about Project Glasswing and what we observed when we pointed cyber frontier models at our own code. Since then, we’ve seen that the part of the post that has resonated most deeply is the argument that the architecture around the vulnerability matters more than the speed of the patch.

In the conversations we've had with CISOs and security teams since, the questions have been consistent: what does our architecture actually look like, what should we monitor for, where do we start, and how can Cloudflare help?

Before getting into the details: the architecture below is built almost entirely from Cloudflare's own products, because Cloudflare security is customer zero for the security products we build. The Cloudflare stack already exists in front of our code, employees, and customer-facing applications. If you're a Cloudflare customer, every layer below is available to you today. If you're not, the principles still apply to whatever stack you've built.

What a cyber frontier model actually changes

In the previous post, we showed how a cyber frontier model like Mythos changes the attacker’s timeline. It can find vulnerabilities, reason through exploit chains, and generate working proofs faster than earlier models. While models like Mythos do not change the shape of an intrusion — reconnaissance, initial access, lateral movement, persistence, and exfiltration still have to happen — the difference is in the speed and scale. When pointed at the open web, a model can find and hit low-hanging fruit quickly. Against a hardened target, it still has to probe, and adapt, and it often produces more noise than a careful human operator would.

Discovery, exploit chain construction, and proof-of-concept generation used to be the gating constraints on producing a working attack. A frontier model handles all three in a fraction of the time. Work that used to be slow and methodical is now fast and indiscriminate.

While AI is accelerating how fast developer teams at Cloudflare and many other companies can ship code, the security team’s work has not compressed the same way. An attacker only needs one opening to get in, while security teams need to find and close them all. Writing a fix, regressing it, and shipping it without breaking the code around it has constraints that AI doesn't remove. We learned this the hard way when we let an AI coding assistant write its own patches against our own bugs, as we described at the end of the previous post. Some of those patches fixed the original bug while quietly breaking something else the code depended on.

As these models become more competent and capable, our main focus from a threat standpoint comes down to three things. Each one shapes the architecture we walk through in the rest of this post.

  • The first is the speed of discovery. Frontier models make it easier to search large bodies of public code, including the open-source libraries that many companies depend on. That does not mean every bug in a library is exploitable, or that library bugs are where most vulnerabilities live. Exploitability still depends on how the code is used, whether attacker-controlled input can reach the vulnerable path, and the protections that sit around it. But widely used open-source libraries and frameworks give attackers a shared surface to study at scale. When a real, reachable vulnerability exists there, a model can help find it, reason about possible exploit paths, and generate proof-of-concept variants faster than maintainers and defenders can review every downstream use. The gap between when an attacker discovers a vulnerability and when defenders learn it exists is what worries us most. If you are not running these models against your own code, it is safe to assume someone else is.
  • The second is exploit volume and adaptation. A model can produce thousands of variations of a single exploit and run reconnaissance at the same scale. All that volume gives an attacker an advantage, but it won’t necessarily get them past signature-based detections. Many of those iterations will have the same underlying signature, so a rule that catches the first one will catch the rest. Adaptation is how they will get past signature-based detections. Ask a model to show you a SQL injection, and it will return a textbook example. Tell it there is a WAF in the way, and it will start probing, learning what gets blocked, and rewriting the payload until it can slip past the rule blocking it.
  • The third is the impact when a vulnerability is inevitably exploited. No architecture catches everything. After the vulnerability is exploited, the question we ask ourselves is: where can the attacker get to with one identity, one path, or one credential, before something else stops them? If the answer is "anywhere they want," the vulnerability was never the problem. The architecture around the vulnerability was.

Cloudflare’s superpower: visibility

We see roughly a fifth of the web and that tells us, in real time, which payloads are mutating, which patterns are picking up, and where attacker tooling is moving next. Two teams turn that visibility into defense.

First is Cloudforce One, our threat intelligence, research, and operations team, which sits within the Cloudflare security organization. They turn what we see across the network into insights the rest of the stack can act on: tracked adversaries, emerging campaigns, and indicators of compromise (IOCs). The hard part of this work was never knowing what is malicious — it was the delay in mitigation. Knowledge of a new threat normally has to travel from a threat report, into a feed, and then into a company’s defense before it can be used to block anything. Attackers have learned to move faster than that. Our network closes that gap: Cloudflare customers can now use Cloudforce One threat intelligence directly within the WAF to block high-risk traffic.

Second is the team that owns the WAF engine that does the actual detecting: the managed rulesets that run in front of our own properties and are available to every Cloudflare customer, the machine learning behind WAF Attack Score, and the relationships that sometimes let us ship a rule before a CVE is publicly disclosed. The team is globally distributed and moves fast, releasing rules within hours of a proof-of-concept of an attack becoming known. Once a detection is deployed, it reaches our entire network, along with every Cloudflare customer, in under 30 seconds. React2Shell is a recent example: a managed WAF rule was protecting our own properties, and everyone else's on Cloudflare, hours before the official advisory was published.

The scoring layer, the defenses we put in front of the application, and the containment around the vulnerability all build on what these two teams see. 

Scores over signatures

Signature-based defenses were built for a world where novel exploits were scarce and variations took weeks. Cloudflare's traditional SLA from a fresh proof-of-concept to a live, deployed rule has been 12 hours. With the advent of frontier models, this is not good enough anymore. Detections need to be in place before a CVE is discovered. This is why we layer ML-based detection in front of the traditional signature-based WAF.

The model is trained on a large body of past attack traffic, and it catches new variants of vulnerabilities before they're publicly known. A novel SQL injection or remote code execution chain is almost always a rearrangement of attack shapes the model has seen before, even when the specific exploit is brand new. We run the model on every request and assign a WAF Attack Score between 1 and 99, based on how closely the request resembles those underlying shapes, not against a list of known-bad signatures. The lower the score, the more aggressively we treat the request. That score determines whether we let the request through. We apply a similar scoring methodology to AI prompts with AI Security for Apps: rather than check each prompt against a list of known malicious prompts, we score how closely a prompt resembles an actual attack. 

The architecture around the vulnerability

Those capabilities only matter once they're stacked in front of an application, and the first layer in our defense-in-depth approach is the WAF. Anything that matches a known-bad pattern gets dropped before it reaches the application, which clears the bulk of the obvious traffic and lets the more specialized layers below focus on what's left.

On the API surface, we run a positive security model through API Shield. Instead of trying to anticipate every bad request, we describe what a valid request to each API looks like, either from the API's own definition or learned from our real traffic, and anything that doesn't fit doesn't get through. This neutralizes the advantage of frontier AI models: because we only permit validated traffic, generating thousands of new attack variations fails to bypass the system.

Cloudflare’s layered architecture

Bot Management catches probing traffic on our network before frontier models can build a map. It scores every request on how likely it is to be automated, using the same signals across our whole network: how the client behaves, whether it looks like a real browser, and whether the connection matches a known-bad pattern. An attack only lands if it can find a soft spot. 

Zero Trust Network Access is used for every internal application. The implicit trust of being inside the network is replaced with explicit per-request identity and policy for every employee accessing every tool. The value of this was clear when one of our engineers shipped a misconfigured tool. A flat network would have exposed everything on the same segment, but in our deployment, the exposure stopped at the tool itself. We built Require Access Protection afterwards so newly deployed or misconfigured applications can't be reachable before an access policy is in place.

IdP Federation makes that secure by default posture easier to keep consistent across every Cloudflare account — which becomes even more necessary when more people are shipping internal tools quickly. Instead of asking each team to wire up SSO separately, we configure our identity provider (IdP) once and share it across the organization. New accounts get SSO automatically, recipient-side IdP connections are read-only, and Access policies in each account still evaluate the resulting identity as part of the normal request flow. 

MCP Server Portal gives teams a controlled way to connect AI agents to enterprise systems. Agents access MCP servers that are centrally managed through a single portal, with every action logged. That way when an agent acts on someone's behalf, we know what it did, what it touched, and whether it should have been allowed to. The full picture of how we built it is in our post on enterprise MCP.

AI Gateway runs in front of our internal AI tools the same way AI Security for Apps runs in front of customer-facing AI features, with the same scoring and the same visibility. Inside the company, the visibility piece is more useful than the blocking, because we needed to see what engineers were actually building before we could write meaningful policy on it.

Where your teams can start 

Frontier models can help attackers find vulnerabilities, adapt payloads, and move faster, but they still have to pass through the layered defense you deploy in front of your application. That is where teams should start:

  • Put inspection in front of public applications.
  • Define what valid API traffic looks like.
  • Use bot detection to limit automated probing.
  • Require identity and access policy before any internal tool is reachable.

For AI and agentic systems:

  • Route model traffic through a gateway.
  • Keep agents connected through approved MCP servers.
  • Log what they do. 

The goal is to make sure that when one layer misses, the next layer limits what the attacker can see, reach, or change.

That is the point of the architecture around the vulnerability: to limit the scope of an attack. The vulnerability may be what starts the attack, but the architecture determines how far it can go.

How do we know this approach works?

Plenty of security stacks look impenetrable on a whiteboard but fall over in practice. That is why we test ours continuously, both at the perimeter and inside our environment, with our red team involved across both.

At the perimeter, frontier models are one tool we use to test our application security stack as an adaptive attacker. These models sit alongside the rest of our red team and detection workflows including: manual testing, threat intelligence, observed traffic patterns, proof-of-concept analysis, and signals from our own network. Together, those inputs help us decide where to aim testing: newly launched products, recently changed surfaces, and the paths an attacker is most likely to probe first. The most important part is the process that follows. When something gets through, we identify the gap, use the right mix of tools to understand it, write the rule or mitigation, ship the update, and test again to make sure the gap is closed.

Inside the environment, our red team starts from the assumption that the perimeter has already failed. They look at what has changed, where sensitive systems carry risk, and whether one compromised identity, path, or credential can reach farther than it should. When we change the architecture based on what they find, they run the scenario again against the new version to confirm the gap is actually closed.

We confirm that this architecture is working by continuously testing its behavior during failures, rather than relying on the perfection of individual layers.

If your team is working on the same problems and would like to compare notes, reach out to us at security-ai-research@cloudflare.com.

Addressing the Edge Security Paradox

The paradox of edge security describes how technologies designed to strengthen network defenses can also create new vulnerabilities. Edge devices improve performance and support localized threat detection by processing data closer to its source, yet modern enterprise environments often operate thousands of distributed endpoints. This rapid expansion of edge infrastructure increases the number of systems..

The post Addressing the Edge Security Paradox appeared first on Security Boulevard.

Managed OAuth for Access: make internal apps agent-ready in one click

We have thousands of internal apps at Cloudflare. Some are things we’ve built ourselves, others are self-hosted instances of software built by others. They range from business-critical apps nearly every person uses, to side projects and prototypes.

All of these apps are protected by Cloudflare Access. But when we started using and building agents — particularly for uses beyond writing code — we hit a wall. People could access apps behind Access, but their agents couldn’t.

Access sits in front of internal apps. You define a policy, and then Access will send unauthenticated users to a login page to choose how to authenticate. 

Example of a Cloudflare Access login page

This flow worked great for humans. But all agents could see was a redirect to a login page that they couldn’t act on.

Providing agents with access to internal app data is so vital that we immediately implemented a stopgap for our own internal use. We modified OpenCode’s web fetch tool such that for specific domains, it triggered the cloudflared CLI to open an authorization flow to fetch a JWT (JSON Web Token). By appending this token to requests, we enabled secure, immediate access to our internal ecosystem.

While this solution was a temporary answer to our own dilemma, today we’re retiring this workaround and fixing this problem for everyone. Now in open beta, every Access application supports managed OAuth. One click to enable it for an Access app, and agents that speak OAuth 2.0 can easily discover how to authenticate (RFC 9728), send the user through the auth flow, and receive back an authorization token (the same JWT from our initial solution). 

Now, the flow works smoothly for both humans and agents. Cloudflare Access has a generous free tier. And building off our newly-introduced Organizations beta, you’ll soon be able to bridge identity providers across Cloudflare accounts too.

How managed OAuth works

For a given internal app protected by Cloudflare Access, you enable managed OAuth in one click:

Once managed OAuth is enabled, Cloudflare Access acts as the authorization server. It returns the www-authenticate header, telling unauthorized agents where to look up information on how to get an authorization token. They find this at https://<your-app-domain>/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server. Equipped with that direction, agents can just follow OAuth standards: 

  1. The agent dynamically registers itself as a client (a process known as Dynamic Client Registration — RFC 7591), 
  2. The agent sends the human through a PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange) authorization flow (RFC 7636)
  3. The human authorizes access, which grants a token to the agent that it can use to make authenticated requests on behalf of the user

Here’s what the authorization flow looks like:

If this authorization flow looks familiar, that’s because it’s what the Model Context Protocol (MCP) uses. We originally built support for this into our MCP server portals product, which proxies and controls access to many MCP servers, to allow the portal to act as the OAuth server. Now, we’re bringing this to all Access apps, so agents can access not only MCP servers that require authorization, but also web pages, web apps, and REST APIs.

Mass upgrading your internal apps to be agent-ready

Upgrading the long tail of internal software to work with agents is a daunting task. In principle, in order to be agent-ready, every internal and external app would ideally have discoverable APIs, a CLI, a well-crafted MCP server, and have adopted the many emerging agent standards.

AI adoption is not something that can wait for everything to be retrofitted. Most organizations have a significant backlog of apps built over many years. And many internal “apps” work great when treated by agents as simple websites. For something like an internal wiki, all you really need is to enable Markdown for Agents, turn on managed OAuth, and agents have what they need to read protected content.

To make the basics work across the widest set of internal applications, we use Managed OAuth. By putting Access in front of your legacy internal apps, you make them agent-ready instantly. No code changes, no retrofitting. Instead, just immediate compatibility.

It’s the user’s agent. No service accounts and tokens needed

Agents need to act on behalf of users inside organizations. One of the biggest anti-patterns we’ve seen is people provisioning service accounts for their agents and MCP servers, authenticated using static credentials. These have their place in simple use cases and quick prototypes, and Cloudflare Access supports service tokens for this purpose.

But the service account approach quickly shows its limits when fine-grained access controls and audit logs are required. We believe that every action an agent performs must be easily attributable to the human who initiated it, and that an agent must only be able to perform actions that its human operator is likewise authorized to do. Service accounts and static credentials become points at which attribution is lost. Agents that launder all of their actions through a service account are susceptible to confused deputy problems and result in audit logs that appear to originate from the agent itself.

For security and accountability, agents must use security primitives capable of expressing this user–agent relationship. OAuth is the industry standard protocol for requesting and delegating access to third parties. It gives agents a way to talk to your APIs on behalf of the user, with a token scoped to the user’s identity, so that access controls correctly apply and audit logs correctly attribute actions to the end user.

Standards for the win: how agents can and should adopt RFC 9728 in their web fetch tools

RFC 9728 is the OAuth standard that makes it possible for agents to discover where and how to authenticate. It standardizes where this information lives and how it’s structured. This RFC became official in April 2025 and was quickly adopted by the Model Context Protocol (MCP), which now requires that both MCP servers and clients support it.

But outside of MCP, agents should adopt RFC 9728 for an even more essential use case: making requests to web pages that are protected behind OAuth and making requests to plain old REST APIs.

Most agents have a tool for making basic HTTP requests to web pages. This is commonly called the “web fetch” tool. It’s similar to using the fetch() API in JavaScript, often with some additional post-processing on the response. It’s what lets you paste a URL into your agent and have your agent go look up the content.

Today, most agents’ web fetch tools won’t do anything with the www-authenticate header that a URL returns. The underlying model might choose to introspect the response headers and figure this out on its own, but the tool itself does not follow www-authenticate, look up /.well-known/oauth-authorization-server, and act as the client in the OAuth flow. But it can, and we strongly believe it should! Agents already do this to act as remote MCP clients.

To demonstrate this, we’ve put up a draft pull request that adapts the web fetch tool in Opencode to show this in action. Before making a request, the adapted tool first checks whether it already has credentials ; if it does, it uses them to make the initial request. If the tool gets back a 401 or a 403 with a www-authenticate header, it asks the user for consent to be sent through the server’s OAuth flow.

Here’s how that OAuth flow works. If you give the agent a URL that is protected by OAuth and complies with RFC 9728, the agent prompts the human for consent to open the authorization flow:

…sending the human to the login page:

…and then to a consent dialog that prompts the human to grant access to the agent:

Once the human grants access to the agent, the agent uses the token it has received to make an authenticated request:

Any agent from Codex to Claude Code to Goose and beyond can implement this, and there’s nothing bespoke to Cloudflare. It’s all built using OAuth standards.

We think this flow is powerful, and that supporting RFC 9728 can help agents with more than just making basic web fetch requests. If a REST API supports RFC 9728 (and the agent does too), the agent has everything it needs to start making authenticated requests against that API. If the REST API supports RFC 9727, then the client can discover a catalog of REST API endpoints on its own, and do even more without additional documentation, agent skills, MCP servers or CLIs. 

Each of these play important roles with agents — Cloudflare itself provides an MCP server for the Cloudflare API (built using Code Mode), Wrangler CLI, and Agent Skills, and a Plugin. But supporting RFC 9728 helps ensure that even when none of these are preinstalled, agents have a clear path forward. If the agent has a sandbox to execute untrusted code, it can just write and execute code that calls the API that the human has granted it access to. We’re working on supporting this for Cloudflare’s own APIs, to help your agents understand how to use Cloudflare.

Coming soon: share one identity provider (IdP) across many Cloudflare accounts

At Cloudflare our own internal apps are deployed to dozens of different Cloudflare accounts, which are all part of an Organization — a newly introduced way for administrators to manage users, configurations, and view analytics across many Cloudflare accounts. We have had the same challenge as many of our customers: each Cloudflare account has to separately configure an IdP, so Cloudflare Access uses our identity provider. It’s critical that this is consistent across an organization — you don’t want one Cloudflare account to inadvertently allow people to sign in just with a one-time PIN, rather than requiring that they authenticate via single-sign on (SSO).

To solve this, we’re currently working on making it possible to share an identity provider across Cloudflare accounts, giving organizations a way to designate a single primary IdP for use across every account in their organization.

As new Cloudflare accounts are created within an organization, administrators will be able to configure a bridge to the primary IdP with a single click, so Access applications across accounts can be protected by one identity provider. This removes the need to manually configure IdPs account by account, which is a process that doesn’t scale for organizations with many teams and individuals each operating their own accounts.

What’s next

Across companies, people in every role and business function are now using agents to build internal apps, and expect their agents to be able to access context from internal apps. We are responding to this step function growth in internal software development by making the Workers Platform and Cloudflare One work better together — so that it is easier to build and secure internal apps on Cloudflare. 

Expect more to come soon, including:

  • More direct integration between Cloudflare Access and Cloudflare Workers, without the need to validate JWTs or remember which of many routes a particular Worker is exposed on.
  • wrangler dev --tunnel — an easy way to expose your local development server to others when you’re building something new, and want to share it with others before deploying
  • A CLI interface for Cloudflare Access and the entire Cloudflare API
  • More announcements to come during Agents Week 2026

Enable Managed OAuth for your internal apps behind Cloudflare Access

Managed OAuth is now available, in open beta, to all Cloudflare customers. Head over to the Cloudflare dashboard to enable it for your Access applications. You can use it for any internal app, whether it’s one built on Cloudflare Workers, or hosted elsewhere. And if you haven’t built internal apps on the Workers Platform yet — it’s the fastest way for your team to go from zero to deployed (and protected) in production.

RSA Launches ID Plus Sovereign Deployment for Organizations That Can’t Afford Identity Downtime

RSA opened RSAC 2026 with a new deployment model for its ID Plus identity platform, aimed squarely at government agencies, financial services firms, and critical infrastructure operators that need identity security to work even when everything else fails. RSA ID Plus Sovereign Deployment is a “deploy anywhere” identity and access management solution that gives organizations..

The post RSA Launches ID Plus Sovereign Deployment for Organizations That Can’t Afford Identity Downtime appeared first on Security Boulevard.

From reactive to proactive: closing the phishing gap with LLMs

Email security has always been defined by impermanence. It is a perpetual call-and-response arms race, where defenses are only as strong as the last bypass discovered and attackers iterate relentlessly for even marginal gains. Every control we deploy eventually becomes yesterday’s solution.

What makes this challenge especially difficult is that our biggest weaknesses are, by definition, invisible.

This problem is best illustrated by a classic example from World War II. Mathematician Abraham Wald was tasked with helping Allied engineers decide where to reinforce bomber aircraft. Engineers initially focused on the bullet holes visible on planes returning from missions. Wald pointed out the flaw: they were reinforcing the areas where planes could already take damage and survive. The true vulnerabilities were on the planes that never came back.

Email security faces an identical hurdle: our detection gaps are unseen. By integrating LLMs, we advance email phishing protection and move from reactive to proactive detection improvement.

The limits of reactive defense

Traditional email security systems improve primarily through user-reported misses. For example, if we marked a spam message as clean, customers can send us the original EML to our pipelines for our analysts to analyze and update our models. This feedback loop is necessary and valuable, but it is inherently reactive. It depends on someone noticing a failure after the fact and taking the time to report it.

That means detection improvements are often driven by what attackers already succeeded at, rather than by what they are about to exploit next.

To close this gap, we need a way to systematically observe the “planes that didn’t make it back.”

Mapping the threat landscape with LLMs

Large Language Models (LLMs) hit the mainstream market in late 2022 and early 2023, fundamentally changing how we process unstructured data. At their core, LLMs use deep learning and massive datasets to predict the next token in a sequence, allowing them to understand context and nuance. They are particularly well-suited for email security because they can read natural language and characterize complex concepts (like intent, urgency, and deception) across millions of messages.

Every day, Cloudflare processes millions of unwanted emails. Historically, it was not feasible to deeply characterize each message beyond coarse classifications. Manually mapping emails to nuanced threat vectors simply did not scale. 

Now, Cloudflare has integrated LLMs into our email security tools to identify threats before they strike. By using the power of LLMs, as we’ll describe below, we can finally see a clear and comprehensive picture of the evolving threat landscape.

Our LLM-driven categorization shows clear spikes and persistent trends across several distinct categories, including "PrizeNotification" and "SalesOutreach".

These LLM-generated tags provide Cloudflare analysts with high-fidelity signals in near real time. Tasks that previously required hours of manual investigation and complex querying can now be surfaced automatically, with relevant context attached. This directly increases the velocity at which we can build new targeted Machine Learning models or retrain existing ones to address emerging behaviors.

Because Cloudflare operates at global Internet scale, we can gather these insights earlier than ever before, often before a new technique becomes widely visible through customer-reported misses.

The Sales Outreach threat

One of the clearest patterns we’ve identified using this new intelligence is the continued persistence of malicious messages structured to look like Sales Outreach-style phishing. These emails are designed to mimic legitimate B2B communication, often presenting opportunities to purchase or receive "special deals" on unique items or services, to lure targets into clicking malicious links or providing credentials.

Once LLM categorization surfaced Sales Outreach as a dominant vector, we moved from broad visibility to targeted data collection. 

Using LLM-generated tags, we began systematically isolating messages that exhibited Sales Outreach characteristics across our global dataset. This produced a continuously growing, high-precision corpus of real-world examples, including confirmed malicious messages as well as borderline cases that traditional systems struggled to classify. From this corpus, we built a dedicated training pipeline.

First, we curated training data by grouping messages based on shared linguistic and structural traits identified by the LLMs. These traits included persuasive framing, manufactured urgency, transactional language, and subtle forms of social proof.

Next, we focused feature extraction on sentiment and intent rather than static indicators. The model learns how requests are phrased, how credibility is established, and how calls to action are embedded within otherwise normal business conversations.

Finally, we trained a purpose-built sentiment analysis model optimized specifically for Sales Outreach behavior. This avoided overloading a general phishing classifier and allowed us to tune precision and recall for this threat class.

Turning language into enforcement

The output of this model is a risk score that reflects how closely a message aligns with known Sales Outreach attack patterns. That score is evaluated alongside existing signals such as sender reputation, link behavior, and historical context to determine whether a message should be blocked, quarantined, or allowed.

This process is continuous. As attackers adapt their language, newly observed messages are fed back into the pipeline and used to refine the model without waiting for large volumes of user-reported misses. LLMs act as the discovery layer by surfacing new linguistic variants, while the specialized model performs fast and scalable enforcement.

This is what an all-out offensive looks like in practice. It is a feedback loop where large-scale language understanding drives focused, high-precision detection. The result is earlier intervention against a threat class that thrives on subtlety, and fewer malicious sales emails reaching the inbox.

Results of the undertaking

The visibility unlocked by LLM-driven mapping fundamentally changed how we improve detections. Instead of waiting for attackers to succeed and relying on downstream user reports, we gained the ability to identify systemic gaps earlier and address them at the source. This shift from reactive remediation to proactive reinforcement translated directly into measurable customer impact.

The most immediate signal of success was a marked reduction in customer friction. Sales Outreach–related phishing has historically generated a high volume of user-reported misses, largely because these messages closely resemble legitimate business communication and often evade traditional rule-based or reputation-driven systems. As our targeted models came online and were continuously refined using LLM-derived insights, fewer of these messages reached end users in the first place.

The data reflects this change clearly. Average daily Sales Outreach submissions — messages that we labeled as clean but were in fact Sales Outreach phishing emails, flagged by end users — dropped from 965 in Q3 2025 to 769 in Q4 2025, representing a 20.4% reduction in reported misses in a single quarter.

This reduction is not just a metric improvement; it represents thousands fewer disruptive moments per day for security teams and end users alike. Each avoided submission is a phishing attempt that was stopped before it could erode trust, consume analyst time, or force a user to make a security judgment mid-workflow. We have seen this trend continue in Q1 of 2026 with average daily submissions decreasing by two-thirds.

In effect, LLMs allowed us to “see” the planes that never made it back. By illuminating previously invisible failure modes, we were able to reinforce defenses precisely where attackers were concentrating their efforts. The result is a system that improves not only detection rates, but also the day-to-day experience of the people relying on it.

The next front in the arms race

Our work with LLMs is just beginning. 

To stay ahead of the next evolution of attacks, we are moving toward a model of total environmental awareness by refining LLM specificity to extract forensic-level detail from every interaction. This granular mapping allows us to identify specific tactical signatures rather than relying on broad labels. 

Simultaneously, we are deploying specialized machine learning models purpose-built to hunt for emerging, high-obfuscation vectors at the "fringes" that traditional defenses miss. By leveraging this real-time LLM data as a strategic compass, we can shift our human expertise away from known noise and toward the critical gaps where the next strike is likely to land.

By illuminating the "planes that didn't make it back," we are doing more than just reacting to missed email; we are systematically narrowing the battlefield. In the email arms race, the advantage belongs to the side that can see the invisible first.

Ready to enhance your email security?

We provide all organizations (whether a Cloudflare customer or not) with free access to our Retro Scan tool, allowing them to use our predictive AI models to scan existing inbox messages in Microsoft 365. 

Retro Scan will detect and highlight any threats found, enabling organizations to remediate them directly in their email accounts. With these insights, organizations can implement further controls, either using Cloudflare Email Security or their preferred solution, to prevent similar threats from reaching their inboxes in the future.

If you are interested in how Cloudflare can help secure your inboxes, sign up for a phishing risk assessment here.

Prompt Control is the New Front Door of Application Security 

Run Security, security,

Discover how AI-driven systems are redefining application security. Research highlights the importance of focusing on inference layers, prompt control, and token management to effectively secure AI inference services and minimize risks associated with cost, latency, and data leakage.

The post Prompt Control is the New Front Door of Application Security  appeared first on Security Boulevard.

15 years of helping build a better Internet: a look back at Birthday Week 2025

Cloudflare launched fifteen years ago with a mission to help build a better Internet. Over that time the Internet has changed and so has what it needs from teams like ours.  In this year’s Founder’s Letter, Matthew and Michelle discussed the role we have played in the evolution of the Internet, from helping encryption grow from 10% to 95% of Internet traffic to more recent challenges like how people consume content. 

We spend Birthday Week every year releasing the products and capabilities we believe the Internet needs at this moment and around the corner. Previous Birthday Weeks saw the launch of IPv6 gateway in 2011,  Universal SSL in 2014, Cloudflare Workers and unmetered DDoS protection in 2017, Cloudflare Radar in 2020, R2 Object Storage with zero egress fees in 2021,  post-quantum upgrades for Cloudflare Tunnel in 2022, Workers AI and Encrypted Client Hello in 2023. And those are just a sample of the launches.

This year’s themes focused on helping prepare the Internet for a new model of monetization that encourages great content to be published, fostering more opportunities to build community both inside and outside of Cloudflare, and evergreen missions like making more features available to everyone and constantly improving the speed and security of what we offer.

We shipped a lot of new things this year. In case you missed the dozens of blog posts, here is a breakdown of everything we announced during Birthday Week 2025. 

Monday, September 22

What In a sentence …
Help build the future: announcing Cloudflare’s goal to hire 1,111 interns in 2026 To invest in the next generation of builders, we announced our most ambitious intern program yet with a goal to hire 1,111 interns in 2026.
Supporting the future of the open web: Cloudflare is sponsoring Ladybird and Omarchy To support a diverse and open Internet, we are now sponsoring Ladybird (an independent browser) and Omarchy (an open-source Linux distribution and developer environment).
Come build with us: Cloudflare’s new hubs for startups We are opening our office doors in four major cities (San Francisco, Austin, London, and Lisbon) as free hubs for startups to collaborate and connect with the builder community.
Free access to Cloudflare developer services for non-profit and civil society organizations We extended our Cloudflare for Startups program to non-profits and public-interest organizations, offering free credits for our developer tools.
Introducing free access to Cloudflare developer features for students We are removing cost as a barrier for the next generation by giving students with .edu emails 12 months of free access to our paid developer platform features.
Cap’n Web: a new RPC system for browsers and web servers We open-sourced Cap'n Web, a new JavaScript-native RPC protocol that simplifies powerful, schema-free communication for web applications.
A lookback at Workers Launchpad and a warm welcome to Cohort #6 We announced Cohort #6 of the Workers Launchpad, our accelerator program for startups building on Cloudflare.

Tuesday, September 23

What In a sentence …
Building unique, per-customer defenses against advanced bot threats in the AI era New anomaly detection system that uses machine learning trained on each zone to build defenses against AI-driven bot attacks.
Why Cloudflare, Netlify, and Webflow are collaborating to support Open Source tools To support the open web, we joined forces with Webflow to sponsor Astro, and with Netlify to sponsor TanStack.
Launching the x402 Foundation with Coinbase, and support for x402 transactions We are partnering with Coinbase to create the x402 Foundation, encouraging the adoption of the x402 protocol to allow clients and services to exchange value on the web using a common language
Helping protect journalists and local news from AI crawlers with Project Galileo We are extending our free Bot Management and AI Crawl Control services to journalists and news organizations through Project Galileo.
Cloudflare Confidence Scorecards - making AI safer for the Internet Automated evaluation of AI and SaaS tools, helping organizations to embrace AI without compromising security.

Wednesday, September 24

What In a sentence …
Automatically Secure: how we upgraded 6,000,000 domains by default Our Automatic SSL/TLS system has upgraded over 6 million domains to more secure encryption modes by default and will soon automatically enable post-quantum connections.
Giving users choice with Cloudflare’s new Content Signals Policy The Content Signals Policy is a new standard for robots.txt that lets creators express clear preferences for how AI can use their content.
To build a better Internet in the age of AI, we need responsible AI bot principles A proposed set of responsible AI bot principles to start a conversation around transparency and respect for content creators' preferences.
Securing data in SaaS to SaaS applications New security tools to give companies visibility and control over data flowing between SaaS applications.
Securing today for the quantum future: WARP client now supports post-quantum cryptography (PQC) Cloudflare’s WARP client now supports post-quantum cryptography, providing quantum-resistant encryption for traffic.
A simpler path to a safer Internet: an update to our CSAM scanning tool We made our CSAM Scanning Tool easier to adopt by removing the need to create and provide unique credentials, helping more site owners protect their platforms.

Thursday, September 25

What In a sentence …
Every Cloudflare feature, available to everyone We are making every Cloudflare feature, starting with Single Sign On (SSO), available for anyone to purchase on any plan.
Cloudflare's developer platform keeps getting better, faster, and more powerful Updates across Workers and beyond for a more powerful developer platform – such as support for larger and more concurrent Container images, support for external models from OpenAI and Anthropic in AI Search (previously AutoRAG), and more.
Partnering to make full-stack fast: deploy PlanetScale databases directly from Workers You can now connect Cloudflare Workers to PlanetScale databases directly, with connections automatically optimized by Hyperdrive.
Announcing the Cloudflare Data Platform A complete solution for ingesting, storing, and querying analytical data tables using open standards like Apache Iceberg.
R2 SQL: a deep dive into our new distributed query engine A technical deep dive on R2 SQL, a serverless query engine for petabyte-scale datasets in R2.
Safe in the sandbox: security hardening for Cloudflare Workers A deep-dive into how we’ve hardened the Workers runtime with new defense-in-depth security measures, including V8 sandboxes and hardware-assisted memory protection keys.
Choice: the path to AI sovereignty To champion AI sovereignty, we've added locally-developed open-source models from India, Japan, and Southeast Asia to our Workers AI platform.
Announcing Cloudflare Email Service’s private beta We announced the Cloudflare Email Service private beta, allowing developers to reliably send and receive transactional emails directly from Cloudflare Workers.
A year of improving Node.js compatibility in Cloudflare Workers There are hundreds of new Node.js APIs now available that make it easier to run existing Node.js code on our platform.

Friday, September 26

What In a sentence …
Cloudflare just got faster and more secure, powered by Rust We have re-engineered our core proxy with a new modular, Rust-based architecture, cutting median response time by 10ms for millions.
Introducing Observatory and Smart Shield New monitoring tools in the Cloudflare dashboard that provide actionable recommendations and one-click fixes for performance issues.
Monitoring AS-SETs and why they matter Cloudflare Radar now includes Internet Routing Registry (IRR) data, allowing network operators to monitor AS-SETs to help prevent route leaks.
An AI Index for all our customers We announced the private beta of AI Index, a new service that creates an AI-optimized search index for your domain that you control and can monetize.
Introducing new regional Internet traffic and Certificate Transparency insights on Cloudflare Radar Sub-national traffic insights and Certificate Transparency dashboards for TLS monitoring.
Eliminating Cold Starts 2: shard and conquer We have reduced Workers cold starts by 10x by implementing a new "worker sharding" system that routes requests to already-loaded Workers.
Network performance update: Birthday Week 2025 The TCP Connection Time (Trimean) graph shows that we are the fastest TCP connection time in 40% of measured ISPs – and the fastest across the top networks.
How Cloudflare uses performance data to make the world’s fastest global network even faster We are using our network's vast performance data to tune congestion control algorithms, improving speeds by an average of 10% for QUIC traffic.
Code Mode: the better way to use MCP It turns out we've all been using MCP wrong. Most agents today use MCP by exposing the "tools" directly to the LLM. We tried something different: Convert the MCP tools into a TypeScript API, and then ask an LLM to write code that calls that API. The results are striking.

Come build with us!

Helping build a better Internet has always been about more than just technology. Like the announcements about interns or working together in our offices, the community of people behind helping build a better Internet matters to its future. This week, we rolled out our most ambitious set of initiatives ever to support the builders, founders, and students who are creating the future.

For founders and startups, we are thrilled to welcome Cohort #6 to the Workers Launchpad, our accelerator program that gives early-stage companies the resources they need to scale. But we’re not stopping there. We’re opening our doors, literally, by launching new physical hubs for startups in our San Francisco, Austin, London, and Lisbon offices. These spaces will provide access to mentorship, resources, and a community of fellow builders.

We’re also investing in the next generation of talent. We announced free access to the Cloudflare developer platform for all students, giving them the tools to learn and experiment without limits. To provide a path from the classroom to the industry, we also announced our goal to hire 1,111 interns in 2026 — our biggest commitment yet to fostering future tech leaders.

And because a better Internet is for everyone, we’re extending our support to non-profits and public-interest organizations, offering them free access to our production-grade developer tools, so they can focus on their missions.

Whether you're a founder with a big idea, a student just getting started, or a team working for a cause you believe in, we want to help you succeed.

Until next year

Thank you to our customers, our community, and the millions of developers who trust us to help them build, secure, and accelerate the Internet. Your curiosity and feedback drive our innovation.

It’s been an incredible 15 years. And as always, we’re just getting started!

(Watch the full conversation on our show ThisWeekinNET.com about what we launched during Birthday Week 2025 here.)

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